Which of the following words in bold is pronounced with a falling tone?
A．Do you have any specials?B．You're kidding ... he has lost his job?C．When will we have the exam, today or tomorrow?D．The flat has a kitchen, a living room, two bedrooms, and a bath.

范文对于英语写作主要有以下三方面的作用：(1)范文能够说明所用体裁的特点。文章都有一定的体裁，如故事、演讲、会话等。不同的交际目的产生不同的篇章．形成不同的体裁．在篇章结构和语法形式上产生一定的特色。对于中国学生而言，虽然他们很早就知道文章有记叙文、说明文等的分别．虽然他们从一开始就学会了按“三段式”来组织文章(第一段是论点，第二段是主要内容，包括论证的证据或故事的情节等，第三段是结论)，但范文的作用在他们的外语写作中仍然不可忽视。一方面，汉语的语篇模式和英语的语篇模式并不完全一致。一般而言，汉语的主题往往不直接点出，需要先有一个所谓的铺垫，而英语文章的主题往往直截了当地给出。另一方面．具体的范文远比一些抽象的分类更具有操作意义上的指导作用．(2)范文是说明英语语篇衔接手段如何使用的最好语境。连贯是篇章的主要特征，使用各种语篇衔接手段是建立语篇连贯的主要途径。熟悉这些英语的衔接手段能够大大减轻写作过程中的微计划(micro-planning)所带来的负担，加快语言生成的速度。微计划生成语言信息，明确如何分配主题、焦点或新信息等内容，与具体的语言有关。英语中是否有现成的信息衔接手段显然会影响信息的分配和组织．(3)范文能够开阔学生的思路。写什么是写作计划需要解决的问题．也是学生感到非常苦恼的事情。扩大知识面是解决这个问题的主要途径。另外，要学会在动笔前积极思考，激活并调用大脑中已有的知识，养成良好的写作习惯和思维习惯。范文在教学中的使用步骤及每个步骤的教学目标：(1)利用范文进行谋篇布局。师生要能够在范文的结构和语言方面进行讨论，并弄清楚两个问题：①这类文章结构和语言如何为文章的交际目的服务；②还有哪些别的可能的结构和语言上的变化。只有这样．学生才能最大限度地利用范文来指导写作而不受范文的限制．才有可能避免全班学生千篇一律的现象、(2)利用范文达到连贯的效果。该步骤的教学目标是使学习者在写作中避免出现连接语使用不够的现象．造成文章的逻辑跳跃性很大．理解起来比较困难。也有相当一部分学生主观上想尽量多用连接语，以加强句子之间的衔接．但结果是连接语过分堆积，不仅不能增强语义方面的衔接力．反而往往会增加冗余信息．甚至造成语义上的逻辑混乱。这种现象也是写作教学应尽量避免的内容。(3)利用范文开阔学生的写作思路。这一阶段的目标是培养学生积极思考的习惯．使学生能够开阔自己的思路．这是影响学生写作的关键因素。

简述写作教学中“范文”的作用．并说明范文在教学中的使用步骤及每个步骤的教学目标。

__________assessment is used to measure how the performance of a particular student or group of students compares with that of another.
A．Criterion-referencedB．Norm-referencedC．FormativeD．Summative

请阅读Passaqe l，完成第小题。Passage 1Among the throngs of Americans prowling the malls and trawling e-commerce sites, many are looking out for themselves. Retail-research firm NPD Group said, thus far, about one third of consumers have engaged in what is called self-gifting. That's up from 12 percent in a typical pre-recession year, and up from the 19 percent who said they planned to do so last year. The National Retail Federation, the dispenser of all holiday-related data, said in 2012, nearly 60 percent of shoppers would do so.The latest step in the evolution of our burgeoning culture of narcissism? Yes. Self-gifting makes psychological and economic sense given what Americans have endured these years.THE POST-BUST(破产) era has been a long, hard, heroic slog of balance-sheet improvement.Americans have labored to save money and hack away at the huge mountain of debt they accumulated during the credit boom. According to the New York Federal Reserve, consumers have knocked down their aggregate debt load from $12.67 trillion in the third quarter of 2008 to $11.31 trillion in the third quarter of 2012; credit-card debt is off $192 billion from the peak. Americans have cut their load by spending more carefully and engaging in that most un-American of traits:self-abnegation.After living frugally for so much of the year and for so many years who can blame a parent at an Apple Store for buying herself a new iPad? Indeed, self-gifting may actually be a function of the new abstemiousness. Let's say you've been holding off on replacing your old television. Why not buy it around November or December when insane promotions and free shipping are available?Besides, it's not like self-gifters are solely interested in self-pleasure. An NRF survey said that the typical self-gifter would spend about $140 on himself this year. For comparison's sake, the survey said the typical shopper would spent about $750 in all.After a long period of economic madness(remember the housing bubble and the dotcom mess),self-gifting is a sign of much-needed economic rationality. Shopping for others involves a certain amount of wrong guesswork with negative financial consequence. This year, for example, CEB TowerGroup claims that Americans will load $110 billion onto gift cards and give them as presents.But the market-research firm says that about 1.6 percent of that total, about $1.7 billion, will go unused. Meanwhile, a large percentage of gifts wind up getting returned. Adults surveyed by BIG insight in November 2012 found that 35 percent of people reported returning at least some of their gifts. Returns induce guilt and raise the specter of uncomfortable conversations about what happened to that giant striped sweater. But more significant, returns are bad for the environment.They lead to more trips to the mall, higher shipping costs, and the unnecessary use of packaging materials.These days, the rise of e-commerce means shopping is now antiseptic: sit and click. With the charm gone, we have to come up with other ways to make the experience pleasurable.As the song goes, "Have yourself a merry little Christmas".What is the author's attitude towards online self-gifting?查看材料
A．Unclear. B．Neutral.C．Negative.D．Supportive.

请阅读Passage 2，完成第小题。Passage 2Among China's greatest art treasures are the Buddhist caves near Dunhuang. Their ancient frescoes and sculptures have survived wars, environmental damage, antiquities hunters, and the chaotic Cultural Revolution.Today domestic tourism is the biggest threat: the UNESCO World Heritage site has an optimal capacity of 3,000 per day, but peak times can see twice that many visitors.The Mogao Grottoes are especially vulnerable to mass tourism. Their ecosystems are fragile. A buildup of humidity and carbon dioxide from visitors' breath can lead to flaking and discoloration of wall paintings.To preserve the caves, the Dunhuang Academy is pioneering a project to digitize the site.Recently, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washington, D.C., offered a tantalizing glimpse at the undertaking. Donning 3-D glasses, visitors were transported into a breathtaking "virtual" Dunhuang grotto, known as Cave 220. The 3-D, interactive experience is flooded with vivid color, close-up details, moving images of flying bodhisattvas, even sound, "Dunhuang ranks as the single most important repository of early Chinese art. Here the great cultures of the World--Greek and Roman,Persian and Middle Eastern, Indian and Chinese--constantly interacted for over a millennium,"said Mimi Gates, who formed the Dunhuang Foundation. "High-resolution digitization will provide a lasting record of this artistic treasure for all mankind and can make it accessible beyond China."A dozen years ago, the Dunhuang Academy began cooperating with foregoing institutions to conserve the treasures. Among the projects, one used a camera to create a digital archive of the caves. The results will be used in the academy which planned ＄40 million state-of-the-art visitor center which will present virtual tour of the caves to save the real site wear and tear. The scope of the project is daunting. It requires 20 minutes or so to record a 9-square-meter fresco, and there are 492 caves with murals inside. But the Sackler exhibit proved how enthralling the single virtual cave CaB be.Real caves provide no lightbulbs. Once they reach critical levels of moisture and temperature,they are shut to the public. Only a few dozen caves are accessible at any given time. But the Sackler's virtual tour was different. One of the most popular features was the "magnifying glass",which can zoom in on, say, a zither depicted in a mural. The instrument appears to pop out of the wall, enlarge, and then rotate in space. Visitors can also "flip" back and forth between the intricate Tang-dynasty mural and a later, cruder Sung-dynasty fresco.To help Cave 220's Tang dancer paintings magically come to life, two Chinese performers were flown to the Applied Laboratory for Interactive Visualization and Embodiment (ALIVE) in a Hong Kong university. For three days the dancers were filmed performing intricate steps, fluid movements, and careful manipulation of long, sinuous ribbons. They appeared in the Sackler tour,dancing as if in midair, clad in brightly colored Tang costume. ALIVE's project manager said while he's become intimately familiar with the images Cave 220, he hasn't been there yet. "I can't wait to visit the real thing."What does the underlined word "daunting" in PARAGRAPH 5 probably mean?查看材料
A．Limited.B．Intimidating.C．Very broad.D．Rather exciting.