Passage 1Come on--Everybody′s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenbe~ contends thatpeer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their livesand possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure inaction: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze setsout to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLiferecruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, pleasedon′t smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Clubis filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biologicalfactors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it′spresented here is that it doesn′t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited andmixed.There′ s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emergingbody of research shows that positive health habits--as well as negative ones--spread throughnetworks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: weunconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peergroups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It′s like the teacher who breaks up thetroublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic neverreally works. And that′s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the realworld, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should__________.
A.recruit professional advertisersB.learn from advertisers' experienceC.stay away from commercial advertisersD.recognize the limitations of advertisements

Which of the following does not make a good English teacher
A.Following strictly the lesson plan.B.Considering students' needs and levels.C.Using very simple and clear instructions.D.Keeping on teaching reflection.

Passage 1Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnessesassociated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper publishedlast year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine, shows the effect on mortality of loneliness iscomparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studiesand controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness.Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so.He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C.,about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples ofwhite blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of theirgenes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RN
A. This molecule carriesinstructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA frommost genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, thatwere less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both theless active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups.Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viralinfections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Colesuspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, thisodd state of affairs has come about.The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individualand they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, andmay thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catchingviruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests that past evolution has created a mechanism which causes whitecells to respond appropriately. Conversely, the lonely are better off ramping up their protectionagainst bacterial infection, which is a bigger relative risk to them.What Dr. Cole seems to have revealed, then, is a mechanism by which social environmentreaches inside a person′ s body and tweaks its genome so that it responds appropriately. It is not thatthe lonely and the gregarious are genetically different from each other. Rather, their genes areregulated differently, according to how sociable an individual is. Dr. Cole thinks this regulation ispart of a wider mechanism that tunes individuals to the circumstances they find themselves in.Dr. Cole made an analysis of the activity of the genes by __________.
A.measuring the level of messenger RNAB.calculating the number of more active gene typesC.instructing the production of certain proteinsD.comparing less active genes with more active ones

Passage 1Come on--Everybody′s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenbe~ contends thatpeer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their livesand possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure inaction: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze setsout to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLiferecruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, pleasedon′t smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Clubis filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biologicalfactors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it′spresented here is that it doesn′t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited andmixed.There′ s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emergingbody of research shows that positive health habits--as well as negative ones--spread throughnetworks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: weunconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peergroups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It′s like the teacher who breaks up thetroublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic neverreally works. And that′s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the realworld, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is __________.
A.harmfulB.desirableC.profoundD.questionable

Which of the following statements is NOT a way of consolidating vocabulary
A.Defining.B.Matching.C.Gap-filling.D.Labeling.

Passage 1Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnessesassociated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper publishedlast year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine, shows the effect on mortality of loneliness iscomparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studiesand controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness.Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so.He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C.,about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples ofwhite blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of theirgenes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RN
A. This molecule carriesinstructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA frommost genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, thatwere less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both theless active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups.Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viralinfections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Colesuspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, thisodd state of affairs has come about.The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individualand they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, andmay thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catchingviruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests that past evolution has created a mechanism which causes whitecells to respond appropriately. Conversely, the lonely are better off ramping up their protectionagainst bacterial infection, which is a bigger relative risk to them.What Dr. Cole seems to have revealed, then, is a mechanism by which social environmentreaches inside a person′ s body and tweaks its genome so that it responds appropriately. It is not thatthe lonely and the gregarious are genetically different from each other. Rather, their genes areregulated differently, according to how sociable an individual is. Dr. Cole thinks this regulation ispart of a wider mechanism that tunes individuals to the circumstances they find themselves in.Broadly speaking, the genes more active in the lonely__________ .
A.helped to avoid infections resulting from virusesB.participated in guarding against bacteriaC.came from a few different functional groupsD.existed only as a small group