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Europa's Watery Underworld
Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
as the U.S.Great Lakes.
Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
the new lake is exciting.
"It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
and active right now."
Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
"Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
to form quickly on Europa.
The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.
Europa is the most recently discovered one among Jupiter's moons.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
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Will We Take Vacation in Spaces?
When Mike Kelly first set out to build his own private space-ferry service,he figured his bread-and-butter business would be lofting satellites into high-Earth orbit. Now he thinks he may have figured wrong.“People were always asking me when they could go,”says Kelly,who runs
Kelly Space TechnologT out of San Bernardino,Californi a.“I realized that real market is in space tourism.”
According to preliminary market surveys,there are 10,000 would-be-space-tourists willing to spend $1 million each to visit the final frontier. Space Adventure in Arlington,Virginia,has taken more than 1 30 deposits for a two-hour,$98,000 space tour tentatively(and somewhat dubiously)set to occur by 2005 .Gene Meyers of the Space Island Group says:“Space is the next exotic vacation spot.”
This may all sound great,but there are a few hurdles.Putting a simple satellite into orbit with no oxygen,life support or return trip necessary already costs an astronomical $22,000/kg.
And that doesn't include the cost of insuring rich and possibly litigious passenger. John Pike of the
Federation of American Scientists acerbically suggests that the entire group of entrepreneurs trying to corner the space tourism market have between them“just enough money to blow up one rocket.”The U .S.space agency has plenty of money but zero interest in making space less expensive for the little guys.So the little guys are racing to do what the government has failed to do:design a reusable launch system that's inexpensive,safe and reliable.Kelly Space's prototype looks like a plane that has sprouted rocket engines.Rotary Rocket in Redwood City,California,hasa booster with rotors make a helicopter-style return to Earth;Kistler Aerospace in Kirkland,Wash- ington,is piecing together its versions from old Soviet engines,shuttle-style thermal protection tiles and an elaborate parachute system.The first passenger countdowns are still years away,but bureaucrats at the Federal Aviation Administration in Washington are already informally discussing flight regulations.After all,you can't be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy far,far away.
For those who are intent on joining the 100-mile high club,Hilton and Budget are plotting to build space hotels.Before the Russian space Mir came down,some people were talking about using it as a low-rent space hotel to reduce the cost. If a space hotel is finally built in space,and if you're thinking of staying in it,you may want to check the Michelin ratings before booking yourself a suite.
Mike Kelly planned to turn his business of making bread and butter into a business that is engaged in space tourism.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
Will We Take Vacation in Spaces?
When Mike Kelly first set out to build his own private space-ferry service,he figured his bread-and-butter business would be lofting satellites into high-Earth orbit. Now he thinks he may have figured wrong.“People were always asking me when they could go,”says Kelly,who runs
Kelly Space TechnologT out of San Bernardino,Californi a.“I realized that real market is in space tourism.”
According to preliminary market surveys,there are 10,000 would-be-space-tourists willing to spend $1 million each to visit the final frontier. Space Adventure in Arlington,Virginia,has taken more than 1 30 deposits for a two-hour,$98,000 space tour tentatively(and somewhat dubiously)set to occur by 2005 .Gene Meyers of the Space Island Group says:“Space is the next exotic vacation spot.”
This may all sound great,but there are a few hurdles.Putting a simple satellite into orbit with no oxygen,life support or return trip necessary already costs an astronomical $22,000/kg.
And that doesn't include the cost of insuring rich and possibly litigious passenger. John Pike of the
Federation of American Scientists acerbically suggests that the entire group of entrepreneurs trying to corner the space tourism market have between them“just enough money to blow up one rocket.”The U .S.space agency has plenty of money but zero interest in making space less expensive for the little guys.So the little guys are racing to do what the government has failed to do:design a reusable launch system that's inexpensive,safe and reliable.Kelly Space's prototype looks like a plane that has sprouted rocket engines.Rotary Rocket in Redwood City,California,hasa booster with rotors make a helicopter-style return to Earth;Kistler Aerospace in Kirkland,Wash- ington,is piecing together its versions from old Soviet engines,shuttle-style thermal protection tiles and an elaborate parachute system.The first passenger countdowns are still years away,but bureaucrats at the Federal Aviation Administration in Washington are already informally discussing flight regulations.After all,you can't be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy far,far away.
For those who are intent on joining the 100-mile high club,Hilton and Budget are plotting to build space hotels.Before the Russian space Mir came down,some people were talking about using it as a low-rent space hotel to reduce the cost. If a space hotel is finally built in space,and if you're thinking of staying in it,you may want to check the Michelin ratings before booking yourself a suite.
Mike Kelly planned to turn his business of making bread and butter into a business that is engaged in space tourism.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
The doctor may recommend limiting the amount of fat in your diet.
A:order
B:insist
C:suggest
D:demand
A:order
B:insist
C:suggest
D:demand
共用题干
Garlic
From early times man has used garlic（大蒜）.The Bible speaks of it. The Israelites
（古以色列人）were once far from home. They cried out to Moses, their leader, for the
foods they loved: leeks（韭菜）,onions and garlic. The Romans , like the Israelites,
loved to eat garlic.And they hung bags of garlic around their necks.________(1)
They also thought it would keep them from getting sick.
A similar idea is still held.Many people take garlic thinking it will prevent or cure
disease .Most doctors say it does no such thing.________(2)Its smell may force
people to stay far apart.At least then they can't pass germs on to each other.
________(3)What if you're in a play,for instance?Actors have been known to
forget their lines because they couldn't stand the garlic smell on a fellow actor's breath.
Some have even made up new lines and actions that kept them far away from the one who
had eaten garlic.
Through the years man has tried to cope with the smell of garlic.________(4)
We now know why .It's been found that the oils of the garlic do not stick to the teeth,
tongue,or gums（齿眼）.They go into the lungs instead.From there they are breathed
out.They pass out through the skin too.
Strange as it seems,food may have a great deal of garlic in it without smelling or
tasting strong .It all depends on how it is cooked.French cooks make a good soup with
whole cloves（瓣）of garlic.They use more than thirty cloves in one bowl of soup.But
they take care not to crush them .And they cook them whole._______(5)And as
the cloves cook they change in some strange way.The soup turns out to be delicious.It's
not strong at all.
________（3）
A:But no medicine,mouthwash,chewing gum,or toothpaste seems to help much,
B:As a result,the strong oils stay in the cloves.
C:They say it may help in one way,though.
D:Many people eat garlic.
E:But keeping your distance can be hard at times.
F:They hoped it would keep away the evil eye.
Garlic
From early times man has used garlic（大蒜）.The Bible speaks of it. The Israelites
（古以色列人）were once far from home. They cried out to Moses, their leader, for the
foods they loved: leeks（韭菜）,onions and garlic. The Romans , like the Israelites,
loved to eat garlic.And they hung bags of garlic around their necks.________(1)
They also thought it would keep them from getting sick.
A similar idea is still held.Many people take garlic thinking it will prevent or cure
disease .Most doctors say it does no such thing.________(2)Its smell may force
people to stay far apart.At least then they can't pass germs on to each other.
________(3)What if you're in a play,for instance?Actors have been known to
forget their lines because they couldn't stand the garlic smell on a fellow actor's breath.
Some have even made up new lines and actions that kept them far away from the one who
had eaten garlic.
Through the years man has tried to cope with the smell of garlic.________(4)
We now know why .It's been found that the oils of the garlic do not stick to the teeth,
tongue,or gums（齿眼）.They go into the lungs instead.From there they are breathed
out.They pass out through the skin too.
Strange as it seems,food may have a great deal of garlic in it without smelling or
tasting strong .It all depends on how it is cooked.French cooks make a good soup with
whole cloves（瓣）of garlic.They use more than thirty cloves in one bowl of soup.But
they take care not to crush them .And they cook them whole._______(5)And as
the cloves cook they change in some strange way.The soup turns out to be delicious.It's
not strong at all.
________（3）
A:But no medicine,mouthwash,chewing gum,or toothpaste seems to help much,
B:As a result,the strong oils stay in the cloves.
C:They say it may help in one way,though.
D:Many people eat garlic.
E:But keeping your distance can be hard at times.
F:They hoped it would keep away the evil eye.
共用题干
Few Facts about Singapore
1. Singapore is an independent city state in southeastern Asia,consisting of one major island-the Singapore Island-and more than 50 small islands,located off the southern tip of Malay.The city of Singapore,the capital of the country,is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island;it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the re- public is 640 sp.km.
2. Low lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief（轮廓鲜明的）features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m.The country has a wet tropical climate,with an average annual temperature of 27 .20℃．The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm;the wettest months are November through January.
3. Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959.A president,elected to a four-year term is head of state,and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be selected by Parliament ,but by a 1991 constitutional amendment（修正案）,the president is now elected direct-ly by the people.The Parliament is the law making body with its 81 members popularly elected.
4. In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students.The main institutions of higher education are the National
University of Singapore,several technical colleges,and a teachers college.
5. Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at$23 .7 billion,or$8,870 per person.The fishing industry is centered on the port of southwestern Singapore Island.Industry has grown rapidly since the 1 960s , and Singapore now produces a diversity（多样化的）of goods , including chemicals ,electronic items,clothing,and processed foods,etc.Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.
Paragranh 5______
A: Education.
B: Land and climate.
C: State system.
D: Natural resources.
E: Economy of singapore.
F: Population.
Few Facts about Singapore
1. Singapore is an independent city state in southeastern Asia,consisting of one major island-the Singapore Island-and more than 50 small islands,located off the southern tip of Malay.The city of Singapore,the capital of the country,is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island;it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the re- public is 640 sp.km.
2. Low lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief（轮廓鲜明的）features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m.The country has a wet tropical climate,with an average annual temperature of 27 .20℃．The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm;the wettest months are November through January.
3. Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959.A president,elected to a four-year term is head of state,and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be selected by Parliament ,but by a 1991 constitutional amendment（修正案）,the president is now elected direct-ly by the people.The Parliament is the law making body with its 81 members popularly elected.
4. In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students.The main institutions of higher education are the National
University of Singapore,several technical colleges,and a teachers college.
5. Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at$23 .7 billion,or$8,870 per person.The fishing industry is centered on the port of southwestern Singapore Island.Industry has grown rapidly since the 1 960s , and Singapore now produces a diversity（多样化的）of goods , including chemicals ,electronic items,clothing,and processed foods,etc.Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.
Paragranh 5______
A: Education.
B: Land and climate.
C: State system.
D: Natural resources.
E: Economy of singapore.
F: Population.
共用题干
Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university,reveals a major new
study_________(51)out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(PNAS).The
study__________(52)1._________(1.)
2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and
1976._________(1976.)
The research group analyzed the ________(53)of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took
right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link _________(54)good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test.
The strongest links are for ________(55)thinking and verbal comprehension.But it is only fitness that
plays a _________ (56)in the results for the IQ test,and not strength."Being fit means that you also have
good heart and lung __________(57)and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen."says Michael Nilsson,pro-
fessor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital."This may be
one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness,but not with muscular_________(58).We are
also seeing that there are growth factors that are important."
By analyzing data for twins,the researchers have been________(59)to determine that it is primarily
environmental factors and not genes that___________(60)the link between fitness and a higher IQ.
"We have also shown that those youngsters who _______(61)their physical fitness between the ages
of 1 5 and 1 8 increase their performance."says Maria Aberg,researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and
physician at Aby health centre."This being the case,physical education is a_______(62)that has an
important place in schools,and is an absolute must________(63)we want to do well in math and other
theoretical subjects."
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service_______(64)
the socioeconomic status of the men later in life.Those who were fit at I 8 were more__________(65)to go
into higher education,and many secured more qualified jobs.
_________(56)
A:game
B:place
C:role
D:trick
Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university,reveals a major new
study_________(51)out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(PNAS).The
study__________(52)1._________(1.)
2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and
1976._________(1976.)
The research group analyzed the ________(53)of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took
right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link _________(54)good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test.
The strongest links are for ________(55)thinking and verbal comprehension.But it is only fitness that
plays a _________ (56)in the results for the IQ test,and not strength."Being fit means that you also have
good heart and lung __________(57)and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen."says Michael Nilsson,pro-
fessor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital."This may be
one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness,but not with muscular_________(58).We are
also seeing that there are growth factors that are important."
By analyzing data for twins,the researchers have been________(59)to determine that it is primarily
environmental factors and not genes that___________(60)the link between fitness and a higher IQ.
"We have also shown that those youngsters who _______(61)their physical fitness between the ages
of 1 5 and 1 8 increase their performance."says Maria Aberg,researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and
physician at Aby health centre."This being the case,physical education is a_______(62)that has an
important place in schools,and is an absolute must________(63)we want to do well in math and other
theoretical subjects."
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service_______(64)
the socioeconomic status of the men later in life.Those who were fit at I 8 were more__________(65)to go
into higher education,and many secured more qualified jobs.
_________(56)
A:game
B:place
C:role
D:trick