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Some People do Not Taste Salt Like Others
Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others,according to a study by a Penn State
College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist.The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of
the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.
Those conclusions are important because recent,well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food
have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others,
pointed out John Hayes,assistant professor of food science who was lead investigator on the study.
Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke.That is why public health ex-
perts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that
are enjoyable to eat.This study increases undersfanding of salt preference and consumption.
The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and
chips,on multiple occasions,spread out over weeks.Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women,reportedly
healthy,ranging in age from 20 to 40 years.The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively
modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes.They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly
used scientific scale,ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.
"Most of us like the taste of salt.However,some individuals eat more salt,both because they like the
taste of saltiness more,and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,"said Hayes.
"Supertasters,people who experience tastes more intensely,consume more salt than nontasters do.Snack
foods have saltiness as their primary flavor,and at least for these foods,more is better,so the supertasters
seem to like them more."
However,supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in food such as
cheese,Hayes noted."For example,cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk,but al-
so bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt,"he said."A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant
because the bitterness is too pronounced."
Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named
Blakeslee,showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals.As a result,Hayes ex-
plained,we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists,and this variation is as normal as variations in eye
and hair color.
"Some people,called supertasters,'describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter,while others,
called nontasters,find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter,"he said."Response
to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because super-
tasting is not limited to bitterness."
It is true that_________.
A:nontasters like to share salty cheese with supertasters
B:nontasters consume more salt because they like intense tastes
C:supertasters like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food
D:supertasters like snack foods more as they contain higher levels of saltiness
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“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage
The massive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil“liquefaction” that has surprised researchers with its1severity,a new analysis shows.
“We've seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before,but the distance and2of damage in Japan were unusually severe,”said Scott Ashford,a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University.“Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,”Ashford said.“The shifts in soil destroyed water,drain and gas pipelines,crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to3. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.”
Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water,particularly recent sediments or sand,can lose much of their4and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or5.
But most earthquakes are much6than the recent event in Japan,Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake,as much as five minutes,may force researchers to recon-sider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this.
“With such a long-lasting earthquake,we saw7structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,”he said.“And it was clear that younger sediments,and especially areas built on8filled ground,are much more vulnerable.”
The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake,researchers said,should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil9and better prepare for it in the future.Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly,10damage was removed in the recovery efforts.
“There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan that will help us to reduce risks in other similar11,”Ashford said.“Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction,such as better compaction to make soils dense,or use of reinforcing stone columns.”
Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefac-tion一on the coast,near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The“young”sedi-ments,in geologic terms,may be those12within the past 10,000 years or more. In Ore-gon,for instance,that describes much of downtown Portland,the Portland International Airport and other cities.
Anything13a river and old flood plains is a suspect,and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake.
Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to14collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake,but Japanese construction15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse一even as they tilted and sank into the ground.
10._________
A: unless
B: until
C: after
D: before
“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage
The massive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil“liquefaction” that has surprised researchers with its1severity,a new analysis shows.
“We've seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before,but the distance and2of damage in Japan were unusually severe,”said Scott Ashford,a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University.“Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,”Ashford said.“The shifts in soil destroyed water,drain and gas pipelines,crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to3. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.”
Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water,particularly recent sediments or sand,can lose much of their4and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or5.
But most earthquakes are much6than the recent event in Japan,Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake,as much as five minutes,may force researchers to recon-sider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this.
“With such a long-lasting earthquake,we saw7structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,”he said.“And it was clear that younger sediments,and especially areas built on8filled ground,are much more vulnerable.”
The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake,researchers said,should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil9and better prepare for it in the future.Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly,10damage was removed in the recovery efforts.
“There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan that will help us to reduce risks in other similar11,”Ashford said.“Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction,such as better compaction to make soils dense,or use of reinforcing stone columns.”
Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefac-tion一on the coast,near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The“young”sedi-ments,in geologic terms,may be those12within the past 10,000 years or more. In Ore-gon,for instance,that describes much of downtown Portland,the Portland International Airport and other cities.
Anything13a river and old flood plains is a suspect,and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake.
Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to14collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake,but Japanese construction15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse一even as they tilted and sank into the ground.
10._________
A: unless
B: until
C: after
D: before
共用题干
The Arctic Ice is Thawing
Father Christmas may have to move his"workshop"from the North Pole because global warming is
thawing the ice beneath his feet and his reindeers'feet as well.His"workshop"is in dire straits.The"plat-
form"for the"workshop"is melting,said Stefan Norris of the World Wildlife Fund environmental group's
Arctic Program.
An eight-nation report by 250 scientists published recently predicted the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free
in summer by 2100 because of a build-up of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere,mainly from burning fossil
fuels in cars or factories.The North Pole is getting more and more uninhabitable to Father Christmas.
__________(46)Young people learn that Father Christmas'"workshop"produces millions of gifts delivered
by him on a flying,reindeer-drawn sleigh.Hollywood movies like"The Polar Express"tried to make viewers
believe that Father Christmas lives at the North Pole._______(47)
The"Fortress of Solitude"is near the North Pole that could be under threat in a warmer world. Alan Boldt,
spokesman of the Danish Ministry of Science,suggested ways to rescue Father Christmas._________(48)
Another alternative,he argued,woald be building some electrical facilities to ensure the ice stays on the North
Pole for him."This should be a subject for the United Nations,"he said."Danmark could build windmills to pro-
vide Father Christmas with power."Denmark says Father Christmas'real home is Greenland,which will help,
Denmark thinks,to strengthen its position in claiming the sovereignty over the Pole.__________(49)
"Doesn't he already speak Danish?"Boldt said frostily when asked if Father Christmas would be forced
to learn Danish if Denmark won international recognition of its claim to the Pole.Last month's Arctic report
said the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe,partly because dark ground or water,once un-
covered,soaks up more heat than ice or snow.Finland has been most favored by Father Christmas and it has
about 500,000 tourists a year to visit its Christmas center in Rovaniemi in Lapland._________(50)
_________(49)
A:However,Nordic nations all reject it by claiming that their countries are his home.
B:Therefore the North Pole is the most attractive place in the world.
C:If Denmark's claim were accepted internationally,it would have the legal right to search for oil and gas at the North Pole.
D:One of them would be building a giant floating ice rink for the workshop if the Pole thaws.
E:Maybe Father Christmas has already moved to Rovaniemi.
F:He may have to move from the North Pole within our children's lifetimes.
The Arctic Ice is Thawing
Father Christmas may have to move his"workshop"from the North Pole because global warming is
thawing the ice beneath his feet and his reindeers'feet as well.His"workshop"is in dire straits.The"plat-
form"for the"workshop"is melting,said Stefan Norris of the World Wildlife Fund environmental group's
Arctic Program.
An eight-nation report by 250 scientists published recently predicted the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free
in summer by 2100 because of a build-up of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere,mainly from burning fossil
fuels in cars or factories.The North Pole is getting more and more uninhabitable to Father Christmas.
__________(46)Young people learn that Father Christmas'"workshop"produces millions of gifts delivered
by him on a flying,reindeer-drawn sleigh.Hollywood movies like"The Polar Express"tried to make viewers
believe that Father Christmas lives at the North Pole._______(47)
The"Fortress of Solitude"is near the North Pole that could be under threat in a warmer world. Alan Boldt,
spokesman of the Danish Ministry of Science,suggested ways to rescue Father Christmas._________(48)
Another alternative,he argued,woald be building some electrical facilities to ensure the ice stays on the North
Pole for him."This should be a subject for the United Nations,"he said."Danmark could build windmills to pro-
vide Father Christmas with power."Denmark says Father Christmas'real home is Greenland,which will help,
Denmark thinks,to strengthen its position in claiming the sovereignty over the Pole.__________(49)
"Doesn't he already speak Danish?"Boldt said frostily when asked if Father Christmas would be forced
to learn Danish if Denmark won international recognition of its claim to the Pole.Last month's Arctic report
said the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe,partly because dark ground or water,once un-
covered,soaks up more heat than ice or snow.Finland has been most favored by Father Christmas and it has
about 500,000 tourists a year to visit its Christmas center in Rovaniemi in Lapland._________(50)
_________(49)
A:However,Nordic nations all reject it by claiming that their countries are his home.
B:Therefore the North Pole is the most attractive place in the world.
C:If Denmark's claim were accepted internationally,it would have the legal right to search for oil and gas at the North Pole.
D:One of them would be building a giant floating ice rink for the workshop if the Pole thaws.
E:Maybe Father Christmas has already moved to Rovaniemi.
F:He may have to move from the North Pole within our children's lifetimes.
共用题干
Ford
1 Ford's great strength was the manufacturing process一not invention.Long before he
started a car company,he was a worker,known for picking up pieces of metal and wire
and turning them into machines.He started putting cars together in 1891.Although it was
by no means the first popular automobile,the Model T showed the world just how creative
Ford was at combining technology and market.
2 The company's assembly line alone threw America's Industrial Revolution into overdrive
（高速运转）.Instead of having workers put together the entire car , Ford's friends , who
were great toolmakers from Scotland,organized teams that added parts to each Model T as
it moved down a line. By the time Ford's Highland Park plant was humming（嗡嗡作响）
along in 1914,the world's first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93
minutes.
3 The same year Henry Ford shocked the world with the$5-a-day minimum wage scheme,
the greatest contribution he had ever made. The average wage in the auto industry then
was $2.34 for a 9-hour shift. Ford not only doubled that,he also took an hour off the
workday.In those years it was unthinkable that a man could be paid that much for doing
something that didn't involve an awful lot of training or education.The Wall Street Journal
called the plan"an economic crime",and critics everywhere laughed at Ford.
4 But as the wage increased later to daily$10,it proved a critical component of Ford's
dream to make the automobile accessible（可及的）to all. The critics were too stupid to
understand that because Ford had lowered his costs per car,the higher wages didn't
matter一 except for making it possible for more people to buy cars.
Paragraph 4_______
A:Ford's Followers
B:The Assembly Line
C:Ford's Great Dream
D:The Establishment of the Company
E:Ford's Biggest Contribution
F:Ford's Great Talent
Ford
1 Ford's great strength was the manufacturing process一not invention.Long before he
started a car company,he was a worker,known for picking up pieces of metal and wire
and turning them into machines.He started putting cars together in 1891.Although it was
by no means the first popular automobile,the Model T showed the world just how creative
Ford was at combining technology and market.
2 The company's assembly line alone threw America's Industrial Revolution into overdrive
（高速运转）.Instead of having workers put together the entire car , Ford's friends , who
were great toolmakers from Scotland,organized teams that added parts to each Model T as
it moved down a line. By the time Ford's Highland Park plant was humming（嗡嗡作响）
along in 1914,the world's first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93
minutes.
3 The same year Henry Ford shocked the world with the$5-a-day minimum wage scheme,
the greatest contribution he had ever made. The average wage in the auto industry then
was $2.34 for a 9-hour shift. Ford not only doubled that,he also took an hour off the
workday.In those years it was unthinkable that a man could be paid that much for doing
something that didn't involve an awful lot of training or education.The Wall Street Journal
called the plan"an economic crime",and critics everywhere laughed at Ford.
4 But as the wage increased later to daily$10,it proved a critical component of Ford's
dream to make the automobile accessible（可及的）to all. The critics were too stupid to
understand that because Ford had lowered his costs per car,the higher wages didn't
matter一 except for making it possible for more people to buy cars.
Paragraph 4_______
A:Ford's Followers
B:The Assembly Line
C:Ford's Great Dream
D:The Establishment of the Company
E:Ford's Biggest Contribution
F:Ford's Great Talent
Professor Taylor's talk has indicated that science has a very strong influenceon the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.
A: motivation
B: perspective
C: impression
D: impact
A: motivation
B: perspective
C: impression
D: impact
The contempt he felt for his fellow students was obvious.
A:hate
B: need
C: love
D: pity
A:hate
B: need
C: love
D: pity