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How Men Face the Fat Problem
It is a pleasure to see men of a certain age worrying about their weight. Listening to them is not such a pleasure.Because the men are new at the game,they don't hesitate to discuss the fat problem incessantly. However,women of the same age do not discuss the fat problem,especially not in mixed company. They prefer to face the problem with quiet dignity.Discussing the problem might only draw attention to some stray body part that may be successfully tucked away under an article of clothing.
The age at which a man begins to explore the fat problem can vary.The actual problem can manifest itself in the early 30's,but broad-range discussion usually starts later. There are early nonverbal symptoms.I've watched the rugged journalist who shares my apartment sneak by with a Diet Coke.His shirts are no longer neatly tucked in to display a trim waist. Recently he has begun to verbalize his anxiety.He tells me,with a sheepish幼n,that he is taking his suits to Chinatown to have them"tailored."
Still-older men have lost their dignity and rattle on unabashedly. Often,wives and children play important roles in their fat-inspection rituals.Take my oldest brother,a former college football player. His daughter says that several times a day he will stand at attention and call out,"Fat,medium or thin?"She knows the correct answer:medium. Thin would be an obvious stretch,and fat may not get her that new video.According to his wife,he stands in front of the mirror in the morning (before the day's meals take their toll),puts his hands behind his head and lurches into a side bend,then clutches the roll that has developed and says,"Am I getting fatter?"His wife is expected to answer,"You look like you may have lost a few pounds."
And then there are the ex-husbands,a pitiful group.They are extremely vocal.When I go to the movies with one,he confides that he is suffering from great hunger because he is dieting.He hasn't eaten since the pancakes and sausages he wolfed down that morning. He pauses in his monologue while he buys his popcorn.After the movie,we sprint to a restaurant,where he again pauses to devour a basket of bread.Before he orders his chaste salad and soup,he grows plaintive.Do I think he's fat?
Men of a certain age are always ready to talk about their fat problem.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
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Where Has the Salt Come from?
Every now and then,we meet a fact about our earth that makes us feel strange and no
answer for the fact has yet been found.Such a fact is the existence of salt in the oceans.
How did it get there?
We simply do not know how the salt got into the ocean!We do know,of course,that
salt is water-soluble,and so passes into the oceans with rainwater.The salt of the earth's
surface is constantly being dissolved（溶解）and is passing into the ocean.
But we do not know whether this can explain the huge quantity of salt in oceans.If all
the oceans were dried up,enough salt would be left to build a wall 180 miles high and a
mile thick. Such a wall would reach once around the world at the Equator（赤道）!
The common salt that we all use is produced from seawater or the water of salt lakes,
from salt springs（源泉）and from deposits of rock salt. The concentration（浓度）of salt in
seawater ranges from about three percent to three-and-one-half percent. The Dead Sea,
which covers an area of about 340 square miles,contains about 11,600,000,000 tons of
salt!
On the average, a gallon（加仑）of seawater contains about a quarter of a pound of
salt.The beds of rock salt that are found in various parts of the world were all originally
formed by the evaporation（蒸发）of seawater millions of years ago. It is believed that the
thick rock-salt deposits were formed after about nine-tenth of theY volume of seawater had
been evaporated.
Most commercial salt is obtained from rock salt.The usual method is to drill wells（井）
down to the salt beds. Pure water is pumped down（抽进去）through a pipe. The water
dissolves the salt and it is forced through another pipe up to the surface.
We have not fully understood how salt got into the ocean.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Where Has the Salt Come from?
Every now and then,we meet a fact about our earth that makes us feel strange and no
answer for the fact has yet been found.Such a fact is the existence of salt in the oceans.
How did it get there?
We simply do not know how the salt got into the ocean!We do know,of course,that
salt is water-soluble,and so passes into the oceans with rainwater.The salt of the earth's
surface is constantly being dissolved（溶解）and is passing into the ocean.
But we do not know whether this can explain the huge quantity of salt in oceans.If all
the oceans were dried up,enough salt would be left to build a wall 180 miles high and a
mile thick. Such a wall would reach once around the world at the Equator（赤道）!
The common salt that we all use is produced from seawater or the water of salt lakes,
from salt springs（源泉）and from deposits of rock salt. The concentration（浓度）of salt in
seawater ranges from about three percent to three-and-one-half percent. The Dead Sea,
which covers an area of about 340 square miles,contains about 11,600,000,000 tons of
salt!
On the average, a gallon（加仑）of seawater contains about a quarter of a pound of
salt.The beds of rock salt that are found in various parts of the world were all originally
formed by the evaporation（蒸发）of seawater millions of years ago. It is believed that the
thick rock-salt deposits were formed after about nine-tenth of theY volume of seawater had
been evaporated.
Most commercial salt is obtained from rock salt.The usual method is to drill wells（井）
down to the salt beds. Pure water is pumped down（抽进去）through a pipe. The water
dissolves the salt and it is forced through another pipe up to the surface.
We have not fully understood how salt got into the ocean.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
共用题干
Smoking can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens
While some teenagers may use cigarettes to "self-medicate"（自我治疗）against the blues（忧郁）,sci-
entists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually
______________
(51)depressive symptoms in some teens.
"This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived ______________(52)benefits of
smoking among teens,"says lead researcher Michael Chaiton,a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco
Research Unit of the University of Toronto."_______________(53)cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating
effects or to improve mood,in the long_______________(54)we found that teens who started to smoke reported
higher depressive symptoms."
As part of the study,some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use
of cigarettes to ______________
(55)mood.Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and
English participants,urban and rural schools,and schools ______________(56)in high,moderate and low so-
cioeconomic neighbourhoods.
Participants were divided into three
______________ (57):never smokers;smokers who did not use ciga-
rettes to self-medicate,improve mood or physical
______________ (58);smokers who used cigarettes to self-
medicate.Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired
to do things;had
______________ (59)going to sleep or staying asleep;felt unhappy,sad,or depressed;felt
hopeless about the future;felt anxious or tense;and worried too much about things.
" Smokers who used cigarettes as mood
______________( 60 ) had higher risks of elevated（提升）depres-
sive symptoms______________ (61)teens who had never smoked,"says co-researcher Jennifer O'Loughlin,a
professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine."Our study found that
teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are_______________(62)higher risk of developing
depressive symptoms."
The______________ (63)between depression and'smoking exists______________(64)among teens that use
cigarettes to feel better."It's ______________(65)to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher
among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke,"says Dr. Chaiton.
_________(57)
A:groups
B:sets
C:species
D:versions
Smoking can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens
While some teenagers may use cigarettes to "self-medicate"（自我治疗）against the blues（忧郁）,sci-
entists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually
______________
(51)depressive symptoms in some teens.
"This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived ______________(52)benefits of
smoking among teens,"says lead researcher Michael Chaiton,a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco
Research Unit of the University of Toronto."_______________(53)cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating
effects or to improve mood,in the long_______________(54)we found that teens who started to smoke reported
higher depressive symptoms."
As part of the study,some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use
of cigarettes to ______________
(55)mood.Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and
English participants,urban and rural schools,and schools ______________(56)in high,moderate and low so-
cioeconomic neighbourhoods.
Participants were divided into three
______________ (57):never smokers;smokers who did not use ciga-
rettes to self-medicate,improve mood or physical
______________ (58);smokers who used cigarettes to self-
medicate.Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired
to do things;had
______________ (59)going to sleep or staying asleep;felt unhappy,sad,or depressed;felt
hopeless about the future;felt anxious or tense;and worried too much about things.
" Smokers who used cigarettes as mood
______________( 60 ) had higher risks of elevated（提升）depres-
sive symptoms______________ (61)teens who had never smoked,"says co-researcher Jennifer O'Loughlin,a
professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine."Our study found that
teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are_______________(62)higher risk of developing
depressive symptoms."
The______________ (63)between depression and'smoking exists______________(64)among teens that use
cigarettes to feel better."It's ______________(65)to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher
among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke,"says Dr. Chaiton.
_________(57)
A:groups
B:sets
C:species
D:versions
共用题干
Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and _____________(51)that you've pro-
grammed into it,traces of your DNA linger on the device,according to a new study.
DNA is genetic material that______________(52)in every cell.Like your fingerprint,your DNA is unique
to you一 _____________（53)you have an identical twin.Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood,
saliva,or hair left _____________(54)at the scene of a crime.The results often help detectives identify
_____________(55)and their victims.Your cell phone can reveal more about you _____________(56)you might
think.
Meghan J.McFadden,a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton,Ontario,heard about a crime in
which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the______________(57).This made her wonder
whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones even when no blood was involved.______________(58)she and
colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volun-
teers.They used swabs to collect______________(59)traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the
outside,where the user holds it,and the______________(60),which is placed at the user's ear.
The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly______________(61)alcohol.The aim of
washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA.The owners got their phones______________(62)for
another week.Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once
more.
The scientists discovered DNA that _____________(63)to the phone's speaker on each of the phones.
Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone,but those swabs also picked up DNA that be-
longed to other people who had apparently also handled the phone.______________(64),DNA showed up even
in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed.That suggests that washing won't remove
all traces of evidence from a criminal's device.So cell phones can now be added to the
______________(65)of clues
that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.
_________(62)
A:upon
B:back
C:without
D:with
Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and _____________(51)that you've pro-
grammed into it,traces of your DNA linger on the device,according to a new study.
DNA is genetic material that______________(52)in every cell.Like your fingerprint,your DNA is unique
to you一 _____________（53)you have an identical twin.Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood,
saliva,or hair left _____________(54)at the scene of a crime.The results often help detectives identify
_____________(55)and their victims.Your cell phone can reveal more about you _____________(56)you might
think.
Meghan J.McFadden,a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton,Ontario,heard about a crime in
which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the______________(57).This made her wonder
whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones even when no blood was involved.______________(58)she and
colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volun-
teers.They used swabs to collect______________(59)traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the
outside,where the user holds it,and the______________(60),which is placed at the user's ear.
The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly______________(61)alcohol.The aim of
washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA.The owners got their phones______________(62)for
another week.Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once
more.
The scientists discovered DNA that _____________(63)to the phone's speaker on each of the phones.
Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone,but those swabs also picked up DNA that be-
longed to other people who had apparently also handled the phone.______________(64),DNA showed up even
in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed.That suggests that washing won't remove
all traces of evidence from a criminal's device.So cell phones can now be added to the
______________(65)of clues
that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.
_________(62)
A:upon
B:back
C:without
D:with
共用题干
Germs（细菌）on Banknotes
People in different countries use different types of money:yuan in China,pesos in Mexico,pounds in the United Kingdom,dollars in the United States,Australia and New Zeal-and. They may use different currencies,but these countries,and probably all countries,still have one thing in______(1):germs on the banknotes.
Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over 100 years. At the turn of the 20th______(2),some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.
Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency______(3)one country. In a new study,Frank Vriesekoop and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different______(4).
Vriesekoop is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia. He led the stud-y,which compared the germ populations found on money______(5)from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total;all came from places where people buy food,like supermarkets,street vendors and cafes,______(6)those businesses often rely on cash.
Overall,the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria一no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the______(7）about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.
What we call“paper money”_________(8)isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar,for ex- ample,is printed on fabric that is mostly cotton. Different countries may use different______(9)to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his team,such as the American dollar,were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.
The three______(10)with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on poly-mers. They included the Australian dollar,the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.
The______(11)currencies were printed on fabric made mostly of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This______(12)suggests that germs have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand______(13)germs live on, mon-ey—and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vriesekoop is now starting a study that will______(14)the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.
Whatever Vriesekoop finds,the fact remains:Paper money______(15)germs. We should wash our hands after touching it;After all,you never know where your money's been. Or what's living on it.
6._________
A: because
B: though
C: so
D: when
Germs（细菌）on Banknotes
People in different countries use different types of money:yuan in China,pesos in Mexico,pounds in the United Kingdom,dollars in the United States,Australia and New Zeal-and. They may use different currencies,but these countries,and probably all countries,still have one thing in______(1):germs on the banknotes.
Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over 100 years. At the turn of the 20th______(2),some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.
Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency______(3)one country. In a new study,Frank Vriesekoop and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different______(4).
Vriesekoop is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia. He led the stud-y,which compared the germ populations found on money______(5)from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total;all came from places where people buy food,like supermarkets,street vendors and cafes,______(6)those businesses often rely on cash.
Overall,the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria一no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the______(7）about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.
What we call“paper money”_________(8)isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar,for ex- ample,is printed on fabric that is mostly cotton. Different countries may use different______(9)to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his team,such as the American dollar,were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.
The three______(10)with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on poly-mers. They included the Australian dollar,the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.
The______(11)currencies were printed on fabric made mostly of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This______(12)suggests that germs have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand______(13)germs live on, mon-ey—and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vriesekoop is now starting a study that will______(14)the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.
Whatever Vriesekoop finds,the fact remains:Paper money______(15)germs. We should wash our hands after touching it;After all,you never know where your money's been. Or what's living on it.
6._________
A: because
B: though
C: so
D: when
共用题干
Look After Your Voice
Often speakers at a meeting experience dry mouths and ask for a glass of water. You can solve the
problem by activating the saliva in your mouth.First gently bite the edges of your tongue with your teeth.Or,
press your entire tongue to the bottom of your mouth and hold it there until the saliva flow. Or you can
imagine that you are slicing a big juicy lemon and sucking the juice.
Before you begin your talk,be kind to your voice.Avoid milk or creamy drinks which coat your throat.
Keep your throat wet by drinking a little sweetened warm tea or diluted fruit juice.
If you sense that you are losing your voice,stop talking completely.Save your voice for your speech.You
may feel foolish using paper to write notes,but the best thing you can do is to rest your voice.If you need to
see a doctor.perhaps you can get some advice from a orofessional singer. In the meantime,do not even talk in
a low voice.
What about drinking alcohol to wet your throat?I advise you not to touch alcohol before speaking.The
problem with alcohol is that one drink gives you a little confidence.The second drink gives you even more
confidence.Finally you will feel all-powerful and you will feel you can do everything,but in fact your brain
and your mouth do not work together properly.Save the alcohol until after you finish speaking.
Perhaps you want to accept the advice, but you may wonder if you can ever change the habits of a
lifetime.Of course you can.Goethe,who lived before indoor skating rinks or swimming pools,said,"We learn
to skate in the summer and swim in the winter."Take this message to heart and give yourself time to develop
your new habits.If you are willing to change,you will soon be able. to say that you will never forget these
techniques because they became a part of your body.
The first paragraph mentions three ways of activating the saliva in the mouth.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Look After Your Voice
Often speakers at a meeting experience dry mouths and ask for a glass of water. You can solve the
problem by activating the saliva in your mouth.First gently bite the edges of your tongue with your teeth.Or,
press your entire tongue to the bottom of your mouth and hold it there until the saliva flow. Or you can
imagine that you are slicing a big juicy lemon and sucking the juice.
Before you begin your talk,be kind to your voice.Avoid milk or creamy drinks which coat your throat.
Keep your throat wet by drinking a little sweetened warm tea or diluted fruit juice.
If you sense that you are losing your voice,stop talking completely.Save your voice for your speech.You
may feel foolish using paper to write notes,but the best thing you can do is to rest your voice.If you need to
see a doctor.perhaps you can get some advice from a orofessional singer. In the meantime,do not even talk in
a low voice.
What about drinking alcohol to wet your throat?I advise you not to touch alcohol before speaking.The
problem with alcohol is that one drink gives you a little confidence.The second drink gives you even more
confidence.Finally you will feel all-powerful and you will feel you can do everything,but in fact your brain
and your mouth do not work together properly.Save the alcohol until after you finish speaking.
Perhaps you want to accept the advice, but you may wonder if you can ever change the habits of a
lifetime.Of course you can.Goethe,who lived before indoor skating rinks or swimming pools,said,"We learn
to skate in the summer and swim in the winter."Take this message to heart and give yourself time to develop
your new habits.If you are willing to change,you will soon be able. to say that you will never forget these
techniques because they became a part of your body.
The first paragraph mentions three ways of activating the saliva in the mouth.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned