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Why would They Falsely Confess?
Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime?To most people,it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical,say experts,if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation（审讯）room.
Under the right conditions,people's minds are susceptible（易受影响的）to influence , and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings（盘问）is enormous. ________ (1)“The pressure is important to understand,because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is:to put an end to an uncom-fortable situation that will continue until he does confess.”
Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory study to de- termine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do.______(2)The research-ers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the“alt” key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility.
Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely con- fess:59% percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. ______(3) of the 15-to 16-year-olds,72 percent signed confessions,as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13- year-olds.
“There's no question that young people are more at risk,”says Saul Kassin,Professor at Williams College,who has done similar studies with similar results.______(4)
Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire“interrogation” in their experiments consis-ted of a simple accusation一not hours of aggressive questioning一and still,most participants falsely confessed.
Because of the stress of a police interrogation,they conclude,suspects can become con- vinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. ______(5)
_______(4)
A: In her experiment,participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the“alt” key,because doing so would crash the systems.
B:“In some ways,”says Kassin,“false confession becomes a rational decision.”
C: “It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental（牙的）drill , ” says Frank- lin Zimring,a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.
D:“But adults are highly vulnerable too.”
E: How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do?
F: Redlich also found that the younger the participant,the more likely a false confession.
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共用题干
The Benefits of Lifelong Learning for Adults
Lifelong learning is the process of keeping your mind and body engaged一at any age一by actively pursuing knowledge and experience.In fact,it has many benefits.Firstly,it keeps the mind sharp and it improves the memory.Secondly,it improves self-confidence and offers an opportunity to try something new. Thirdly,it gives the learner the feeling of accomplishment. Also,it offers the learner the opportunity to keep in touch with people who share with him/her the same interests and make new acquaintances.Finally,it offers an opportunity to learn a new skill or trade.
Achieving retirement means having a lot of spare time and becoming more stressed and bored. However,some adults think that learning at that age is a way to get rid of this situation of boredom and stress.For them learning should be a lifelong process and even retirement should be an opportunity to try new things rather than being passive and pessimistic.
Lifelong learning helps you remember things better.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
The Benefits of Lifelong Learning for Adults
Lifelong learning is the process of keeping your mind and body engaged一at any age一by actively pursuing knowledge and experience.In fact,it has many benefits.Firstly,it keeps the mind sharp and it improves the memory.Secondly,it improves self-confidence and offers an opportunity to try something new. Thirdly,it gives the learner the feeling of accomplishment. Also,it offers the learner the opportunity to keep in touch with people who share with him/her the same interests and make new acquaintances.Finally,it offers an opportunity to learn a new skill or trade.
Achieving retirement means having a lot of spare time and becoming more stressed and bored. However,some adults think that learning at that age is a way to get rid of this situation of boredom and stress.For them learning should be a lifelong process and even retirement should be an opportunity to try new things rather than being passive and pessimistic.
Lifelong learning helps you remember things better.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
_____
A.rate
B.value
C.system
D.type
A.rate
B.value
C.system
D.type
共用题干
Where Has the Salt Come from?
Every now and then,we meet a fact about our earth that makes us feel strange and no
answer for the fact has yet been found.Such a fact is the existence of salt in the oceans.
How did it get there?
We simply do not know how the salt got into the ocean!We do know,of course,that
salt is water-soluble,and so passes into the oceans with rainwater.The salt of the earth's
surface is constantly being dissolved（溶解）and is passing into the ocean.
But we do not know whether this can explain the huge quantity of salt in oceans.If all
the oceans were dried up,enough salt would be left to build a wall 180 miles high and a
mile thick. Such a wall would reach once around the world at the Equator（赤道）!
The common salt that we all use is produced from seawater or the water of salt lakes,
from salt springs（源泉）and from deposits of rock salt. The concentration（浓度）of salt in
seawater ranges from about three percent to three-and-one-half percent. The Dead Sea,
which covers an area of about 340 square miles,contains about 11,600,000,000 tons of
salt!
On the average, a gallon（加仑）of seawater contains about a quarter of a pound of
salt.The beds of rock salt that are found in various parts of the world were all originally
formed by the evaporation（蒸发）of seawater millions of years ago. It is believed that the
thick rock-salt deposits were formed after about nine-tenth of theY volume of seawater had
been evaporated.
Most commercial salt is obtained from rock salt.The usual method is to drill wells（井）
down to the salt beds. Pure water is pumped down（抽进去）through a pipe. The water
dissolves the salt and it is forced through another pipe up to the surface.
Beds of rock salt are found in every part of the world.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Where Has the Salt Come from?
Every now and then,we meet a fact about our earth that makes us feel strange and no
answer for the fact has yet been found.Such a fact is the existence of salt in the oceans.
How did it get there?
We simply do not know how the salt got into the ocean!We do know,of course,that
salt is water-soluble,and so passes into the oceans with rainwater.The salt of the earth's
surface is constantly being dissolved（溶解）and is passing into the ocean.
But we do not know whether this can explain the huge quantity of salt in oceans.If all
the oceans were dried up,enough salt would be left to build a wall 180 miles high and a
mile thick. Such a wall would reach once around the world at the Equator（赤道）!
The common salt that we all use is produced from seawater or the water of salt lakes,
from salt springs（源泉）and from deposits of rock salt. The concentration（浓度）of salt in
seawater ranges from about three percent to three-and-one-half percent. The Dead Sea,
which covers an area of about 340 square miles,contains about 11,600,000,000 tons of
salt!
On the average, a gallon（加仑）of seawater contains about a quarter of a pound of
salt.The beds of rock salt that are found in various parts of the world were all originally
formed by the evaporation（蒸发）of seawater millions of years ago. It is believed that the
thick rock-salt deposits were formed after about nine-tenth of theY volume of seawater had
been evaporated.
Most commercial salt is obtained from rock salt.The usual method is to drill wells（井）
down to the salt beds. Pure water is pumped down（抽进去）through a pipe. The water
dissolves the salt and it is forced through another pipe up to the surface.
Beds of rock salt are found in every part of the world.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
共用题干
The Greatest Mystery of Whales
The whale is a warm一blooded,air-breathing animal,giving birth to its young alive,sucking them一and,
like all mammals,originated on land. There are many________________(51)of this. Its front flippers（鳍状肢）,
used for steering and stability,are traces of feet.
Immense strength is________________(52)into the great body of the big whales,and in fact most of a
whale's body is one gigantic muscle.The blue whale's pulling strength has been estimated________________(53)
400 horsepower. One specimen was reported to have towed（拖）a whaling vessel for seven hours at the
_______________ (54)of eight knot（节）.
An angry whale will________________(55).A famous example of this was the fate of Whaler Essex,
________________(56)was sunk off the coast of South America early in the last century. More recently,steel ships
have ___________( 57 ) their plates buckled（使弯曲）in the same way. Sperm whales（抹香鲸）were known
to seize the old-time whaleboats in their jaws and crush them.
The greatest________________(58)of whales is their diving ability.The sperm whale dives to the bottom foi
his________________(59)food,the octopus（章鱼）.In that search he is known to go as far down as 3 , 200 feet,
where the________________(60)is 1,400 pounds,to a square inch.Doing so he will________________(61)underwa-
ter as long as one hour. Two special skills are involved in this storing up enough________________(62)(all
whales are air-breathed)and tolerating the great change in pressure.Just how he does it scientists have nol
_______________ (63).It is believed that some of the oxygen is stored in a special________________(64)of blood
vessels,rather than just held in the lungs.And it is believed that a special kind of oil in his head is some sort
of a compensating mechanism that________________(65)adjusts the internal pressure of his body.But since you
can't bring a live whale into the laboratory for study,no one knows just how these things work.
_________(62)
A:heat
B:energy
C:food
D:oxygen
The Greatest Mystery of Whales
The whale is a warm一blooded,air-breathing animal,giving birth to its young alive,sucking them一and,
like all mammals,originated on land. There are many________________(51)of this. Its front flippers（鳍状肢）,
used for steering and stability,are traces of feet.
Immense strength is________________(52)into the great body of the big whales,and in fact most of a
whale's body is one gigantic muscle.The blue whale's pulling strength has been estimated________________(53)
400 horsepower. One specimen was reported to have towed（拖）a whaling vessel for seven hours at the
_______________ (54)of eight knot（节）.
An angry whale will________________(55).A famous example of this was the fate of Whaler Essex,
________________(56)was sunk off the coast of South America early in the last century. More recently,steel ships
have ___________( 57 ) their plates buckled（使弯曲）in the same way. Sperm whales（抹香鲸）were known
to seize the old-time whaleboats in their jaws and crush them.
The greatest________________(58)of whales is their diving ability.The sperm whale dives to the bottom foi
his________________(59)food,the octopus（章鱼）.In that search he is known to go as far down as 3 , 200 feet,
where the________________(60)is 1,400 pounds,to a square inch.Doing so he will________________(61)underwa-
ter as long as one hour. Two special skills are involved in this storing up enough________________(62)(all
whales are air-breathed)and tolerating the great change in pressure.Just how he does it scientists have nol
_______________ (63).It is believed that some of the oxygen is stored in a special________________(64)of blood
vessels,rather than just held in the lungs.And it is believed that a special kind of oil in his head is some sort
of a compensating mechanism that________________(65)adjusts the internal pressure of his body.But since you
can't bring a live whale into the laboratory for study,no one knows just how these things work.
_________(62)
A:heat
B:energy
C:food
D:oxygen
共用题干
Smoking can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens
While some teenagers may use cigarettes to "self-medicate"（自我治疗）against the blues（忧郁）,sci-
entists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually
______________
(51)depressive symptoms in some teens.
"This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived ______________(52)benefits of
smoking among teens,"says lead researcher Michael Chaiton,a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco
Research Unit of the University of Toronto."_______________(53)cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating
effects or to improve mood,in the long_______________(54)we found that teens who started to smoke reported
higher depressive symptoms."
As part of the study,some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use
of cigarettes to ______________
(55)mood.Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and
English participants,urban and rural schools,and schools ______________(56)in high,moderate and low so-
cioeconomic neighbourhoods.
Participants were divided into three
______________ (57):never smokers;smokers who did not use ciga-
rettes to self-medicate,improve mood or physical
______________ (58);smokers who used cigarettes to self-
medicate.Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired
to do things;had
______________ (59)going to sleep or staying asleep;felt unhappy,sad,or depressed;felt
hopeless about the future;felt anxious or tense;and worried too much about things.
" Smokers who used cigarettes as mood
______________( 60 ) had higher risks of elevated（提升）depres-
sive symptoms______________ (61)teens who had never smoked,"says co-researcher Jennifer O'Loughlin,a
professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine."Our study found that
teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are_______________(62)higher risk of developing
depressive symptoms."
The______________ (63)between depression and'smoking exists______________(64)among teens that use
cigarettes to feel better."It's ______________(65)to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher
among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke,"says Dr. Chaiton.
_________(59)
A:time
B:courage
C:trouble
D:energy
Smoking can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens
While some teenagers may use cigarettes to "self-medicate"（自我治疗）against the blues（忧郁）,sci-
entists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually
______________
(51)depressive symptoms in some teens.
"This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived ______________(52)benefits of
smoking among teens,"says lead researcher Michael Chaiton,a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco
Research Unit of the University of Toronto."_______________(53)cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating
effects or to improve mood,in the long_______________(54)we found that teens who started to smoke reported
higher depressive symptoms."
As part of the study,some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use
of cigarettes to ______________
(55)mood.Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and
English participants,urban and rural schools,and schools ______________(56)in high,moderate and low so-
cioeconomic neighbourhoods.
Participants were divided into three
______________ (57):never smokers;smokers who did not use ciga-
rettes to self-medicate,improve mood or physical
______________ (58);smokers who used cigarettes to self-
medicate.Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired
to do things;had
______________ (59)going to sleep or staying asleep;felt unhappy,sad,or depressed;felt
hopeless about the future;felt anxious or tense;and worried too much about things.
" Smokers who used cigarettes as mood
______________( 60 ) had higher risks of elevated（提升）depres-
sive symptoms______________ (61)teens who had never smoked,"says co-researcher Jennifer O'Loughlin,a
professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine."Our study found that
teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are_______________(62)higher risk of developing
depressive symptoms."
The______________ (63)between depression and'smoking exists______________(64)among teens that use
cigarettes to feel better."It's ______________(65)to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher
among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke,"says Dr. Chaiton.
_________(59)
A:time
B:courage
C:trouble
D:energy