The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photograph’s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves—anything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.Photographers’ disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography’s prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the1960’s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting—that is, abstract art as developed indifferent ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse—presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity—in short, an art.47. What is the author mainly concerned with? The author is concerned with ______.48. Which of the following adjectives best describes “the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism” as the author represents it in paragraph 2?49. Why does the author introduce Abstract Expressionist painter?50. How did the nineteenth-century defenders of photography stress the photography?

A.defining the Modernist attitude toward art B.explaining how photography emerged as a fine art C.explaining the attitude of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical context D.defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches
问题2：
A.Objective B.Mechanical C.Superficial D.Paradoxical
问题3：
A.He wants to provide an example of artists who, like serious contemporary photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modern art. B.He wants to set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressionist painters and classical Modernist painters. C.He wants to provide a contrast to Pop artist and others. D.He wants to provide an explanation of why serious photography, like other contemporary visual forms, is not and should

As a child, time used to move as slowly as lightning bugs drift in the summer evening skies, but as an adult, time is_____.

A.transmitting B.peripatetic C.nomadic D.ephemeral

While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area of the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste (社会等级) society.Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which, by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society, the upper classes or so-called social elite are not able to differentiate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classes immediately below them, who, in turn, are imitated by groups immediately below them in the social structure. This process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imitated. It is primarily this feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, moves to its doom.As a movement, fashion show little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. The participants are not recruited through agitation. No morale is built up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or required, an ideology. Further, since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build up a set of tactics. People take part in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.1. It is known from the first paragraph that ________.2. According to the author, which of the following people usually lead a new fashion?3. Which of the following statement is true?4. According to the author, a fashion movement ________.5. It can be inferred from the passage that a fashion movement ________.

A.fashion originates in a class society B.fashion can be found only in a few fields of group life C.fashion operates in every society D.people like to keep up with fashion in a primitive society
问题2：
A.Philosophers. B.Artists. C.The social elite. D.Writers.
问题3：
A.Fashion, as a movement, is true. B.The upper classes play a little role in making fashion into a movement. C.A fashion will never vanish once it is launched. D.A fashion is destined to disappear once it is launched.
问题4：
A.has little in common with other movements B.will eventually develop into a social organization C.has a powerful leadership guiding it D.has a set of symbols and values
问题5：
A.functions in the same way as specific social movements B.is a form of expressive behavior C.can boost the morale of its participants D.contributes a great deal to the way of crowd behavior

It is imperative for the Chairman to look into this mate personally.

A.necessary B.urgent C.useful D.impossible

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that _21_ does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less _22_ then, however, were the new, positive _23_ that work against the digital divide. _24_, there are reasons to be _25_.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more _26_, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential _27_ there are. More and more _28_, afraid their countries will be left _29_, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be — 30_ together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will _31— rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for __32_ world poverty that we’ve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to _33_ poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has _34_ potential.To _35_ advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices _36_ respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an _37_ of their sovereignty might well study the history of _38_ (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is_37_America’s Second Wave infrastructure —_40_ roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment.

A.divide B.information C.world D.lecture
问题2：
A.obscure B.visible C.invisible D.indistinct
问题3：
A.forces B.obstacles C.events D.surprises
问题4：
A.Seriously B.Entirely C.Actually D.Continuously
问题5：
A.negative B.optimistic C.pleasant D.disappointed
问题6：
A.developed B.centralized C.realized D.commercialized
问题7：
A.users B.producers C.customers D.citizens
问题8：
A.enterprises B.government C.officials D.customers
问题9：
A.away B.for C.aside D.behind
问题10：
A.netted B.worked C.put D.organized
问题11：
A.decrease B.narrow C.neglect D.low
问题12：
A.containing B.preventing C.keeping D.combating
问题13：
A.win B.detail C.defeat D.fear
问题14：
A.enormous B.countless C.numerical D.big
问题15：
A.bring B.keep C.hold D.take
问题16：
A.at B.with C.of D.for
问题17：
A.offence B.investment C.invasion D.insult
问题18：
A.construction B.facility C.infrastructure D.institution
问题19：
A.why B.where C.when D.how
问题20：
A.concerning B.concluding C.according D.including

Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court’s ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by must selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. “We’re talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program...only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different.” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they’ll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box.” says University of California regent Ward Connerly, who helped win voter approval of California’s Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday’s ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to...let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions.” Connerly said.Meanwhile, U.S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bush’s stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions”. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate.” says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the nonprofit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday’s ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, many say they don’t expect significant changes.1. What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ________.

A.no admission policies based on race should be implemented B.minority applicants should be given favorable considerations C.different standards for admitting minority students should be set up D.selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory policies